Prevention of teenage pregnancy is an important aspect of adolescent training. About 26 million Nigerians, representing 22% of the population, are passing through a most vulnerable period of their lives without sex education or access to counseling and clinical healthcare services to divert the epidemic levels of increase in reported cases of teenage pregnancy, deaths arising from abortion complications, and increasing incidence of Sexually Transmitted Disease (STDs) among the adolescents. Adedoyin, (2005).
There should be access to accurate sexual information like menstrual cycle and its significance, anatomy and physiology of the male and female reproductive systems. Action Health incorporated, believes that adolescents need to be aware of the various factors that influence the experience they have at this stage of their lives and that only teenagers who know themselves, value themselves and are aware of their options and have the appropriate skills can abstain from or practice safe and responsible sex, Adedoyin, (2005). Adolescents are prone to premarital unprotected sex and they are still not matured and could enter into wrong hands.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Teenage pregnancy is a problem in many societies and has continued to rise in every society in Nigeria, Osuala, (2006). The teenage girl bears all the consequence alone while the males do not go through such crises unless they are identified as being responsible for the pregnancy, these consequences includes; Abortion, suicide, school drop-out, and shyness. One then wonders if these adolescent girls are well informed about reproductive health issues like sex education more so in the rural areas where it is a taboo to talk about it. The study is seeking to find out the knowledge of teenage pregnancy prevention among the adolescents.
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
Find out how much the teenagers know about teenage pregnancy prevention.
The source of their information if they know or have any knowledge of it.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
As part of the requirement of the Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria for the award of "Registered Nurse" certificate.
The finding will be made available to school management that could be utilized by them in organizing sex education for the students to enhance their knowledge and practice of teenage pregnancy prevention and help to decrease the number of teenage pregnancies.
It will serve as a source of reference for further studies.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What pregnancy preventive measures do you know?
What are your sources of your information?
SCOPE OF STUDY
The study is limited to students of Community Secondary School Amechi-Idodo in SS1 to SS3. It is a village setting and their age’s ranges from 12 to 22 years old. It is also expected that most of them are not likely to have been exposed to sex education in their junior classes.
LIMITATION OF STUDY
Resources were the major limitations of the study, as the research would have been conducted in more than one school and cover the whole town in the community.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Teenage pregnancy prevention: Means by which pregnancy can be prevented in teenagers.
Knowledge: The information, understanding and skills that one gain through education or experience.
Adolescent: Young persons who are developing from childhood into adulthood aged between 12 to 22 (children in that locality usher into puberty as late as 14 and 15 years and generally mature late than usual hence am using up to 22 years as adolescents instead of young adults).


CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Various literatures have been done on Adolescent Knowledge of Teenage Pregnancy prevention.
Osuala, (2006) conducted a research on knowledge and practice of reproductive health among adolescents in Onitsha. She used a descriptive survey to carry out the study. A total of 360 female students in SS1 to SS3 (the vulnerable group) were used. A multistage sampling method was adopted.
Findings revealed that poor knowledge was the cause of the increase in adolescent pregnancy 100 (55.6%) had knowledge of the preventive measures of teenage pregnancy.
USAID, (2006) carried out a research on adolescent awareness of teenage pregnancy prevention among adolescents in Nigeria Police Community. A descriptive survey was used for the study. A total of 1500 adolescents from six police Barracks in Nigeria was used, 250 from each Barracks. A simple random sampling was used. Findings indicated that improper health education, poverty and lack of health facility were the major causes of adolescent pregnancy, as 675 (45%) knew that abstinence is a means of teenage pregnancy prevention, 1125 (75%) stated that the use of condoms as the means of prevention.
Adedoyin, (2005), conducted a research on teenage pregnancy prevention in Lagos state. A descriptive survey was used. A total of 400 students from 4 schools were used. A random sampling method was used to select the samples. Findings showed that 240 (60%) preferred using condoms, 280 (70%) preferred abstinence, 80 (20%) preferred withdrawal method. She suggested that increasing the poor status of adolescents’ well-being by public awareness increase, implementing innovative education, health care, and youth development programmes as the major ways by which teenage pregnancy can be reduced if not stopped.
Qayed, (2004), conducted a research on preventive measures of teenage pregnancy in Assuit Governorate, Egypt. Interview method was used for the study and it involved a face-to-face interview. A total of 1600 young people were interviewed on the various methods of pregnancy prevention among adolescents. Findings showed 880 (55%) knew no contraceptive method of prevention.
The department of Health and Human Services (HHS), (2004), conducted a research on preventing teenage pregnancy in the United States of America. A combination of Interviews, questionnaires were used and Internet wed questionnaires were used. A total of five million youths from ages of 10 to 17 years were contacted. Findings revealed that 80% of the respondents have knowledge of teenage pregnancy prevention. Their sources of information were from parents, friends, churches, campaign and school health programmes. Following the findings gathered and the increase in teenage pregnancy as the united states has the highest rates of teenage pregnancy among ages 10 to 14 years from 1960 to 1990, Annie, (1998). The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is committed to continuing effort to prevent out-of-wedlock teen pregnancies and to encourage adolescents to remain abstinent has made a commitment to promoting abstinence education programmmes and dissemination of information on promising approaches. HHS programmes are built on the belief that the most effective programmes are community-driven and support the involvement of parents and other adults in young people's lives. By focusing on abstinence and personal responsibility, HHS hopes to help young people develop their abilities to make the choices that will lead to a successful future.
Following the information gathered from the research, HHS initiated programmes to prevent teenage pregnancy, which promote the postponement of sexual activity as the most effective way for adolescents to prevent teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. A six point teenage prevention programmes was se-up:
Abstinence Education Program. The welfare reform law enacted in 1996 created the Abstinence Education Program, which provides federal grants to states for abstinence education activities such as mentoring and counseling designed to promote abstinence from sexual activity until marriage.
Grants for community-based abstinence education. In 2001, HRSA provided the first federal grants in a new initiative to support community-based abstinence education programs involving public and private entities. The grants support the development and implementation of abstinence-only education programs for adolescents, ages 12 through 18, through special projects of regional or national significance. http://mchb.hrsa.gov/programs/adolescents/abstinence.htm
Adolescent Family Life Program. Through this program, HHS funds prevention demonstration projects to develop and test abstinence-based programs designed to delay the onset of sexual activity, and prevent adolescent pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS. The program also supports care demonstrations that provide comprehensive health, education, and social services to pregnant and parenting adolescents, their children, family members and young fathers, and research into the causes and consequences of adolescent pregnancy. http://opa.osophs.dhhs.gov/titlexx/oapp.html.
Community coalition prevention demonstrations. Since 1995, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have funded demonstrations for the prevention of teen pregnancies. These projects support coalitions of local, public and private agencies, and organizations in communities with high rates of teen pregnancy in order to develop community action plans, coordinate efforts to reduce teen pregnancy identify gaps in current programs and services, target existing resources, and design evaluation plans.
Working with boys and young men. HHS programs work to ensure that men, including preteen and teenage boys, receive the education and support necessary to postpone fatherhood until they are emotionally and financially capable of supporting children. Boys and young men are encouraged to prevent premature fatherhood through such programs as the abstinence education programs, the Adolescent Family Life program, the adolescent male family planning initiative, and the Partners for Fragile Families demonstration program.
School-based prevention work group. The CDC is working with eight national organizations to explore and strengthen the role that state and local education and health policymakers can play in preventing teen pregnancy. The Joint Workgroup on School-based Teen Pregnancy Prevention (JWG) has developed a plan to help constituents develop and implement prevention policies and programs. The JWG provides on-site, customized technical assistance through two-day training sessions.
Sonenstein et al, (1997), conducted a research on teenage pregnancy prevention programmes. It was a random sampling method and a total of 40 Agencies that runs preventive programmes on teenage pregnancy were interviewed on their success and achievements. It discovered that only few agencies made success in reducing the rate of teenage pregnancy in California. Teenage birth rates have gone up and down over the last 60+ years. A decline of 24% was recorded in early 1990s and has continued to decline since, Beuhring, (1997). They suggested that teaching about safe sex and the problems associated with pregnancy can go a long way in helping the teenage birth rate to continue to drop. Some scholars’ point out that more readily available contraception can help teenagers make safe sex decisions while others feel this will only aggravate the problem. The only way to avoid teenage pregnancy is abstinence. However not everyone values abstinence so pregnancy prevention programmes also promote safe sex practices.
Marilyn et al, (2000), conducted a research on teenage pregnancy prevention programmes: Linking research and practice. They compared the various means and programmes of teenage pregnancy prevention in Afriuca , America, Europe, Asia, And Australia. A random sampling method was used to select the samples the data was gathered using surveys, interviews, and site visits. 35 surveys were sent to schools and agencies known to have pregnant and parenting teenage programmes, as well as to programmes trying to prevent first pregnancies in teenagers. Every attempt was made to reach as many programmes as possible through advisors, networks, coalitions, directives, and staff. Telephone calls and remainders (mails and fax) were made to programmes with unreturned surveys. 23 surveys were completed (a 66% response rate).
A wide variety of primary prevention efforts were found in clinics, schools, and community agencies. The primary prevention programmes represents a broad spectrum of services focused on the local, specific target population. Secondary pregnancy prevention programs, providing services and care to pregnant and parenting teenagers, were also surveyed and visited. From their findings, they synthesized "best practice" as a means of preventing teenage pregnancy. Major reviews of best practice aimed at preventing adolescent pregnancy have generally focused on organized programmes, Card et al, (1996); Franklin, (2000); Frost, (1995); Kirby, (1997); Miller et al, (1992); Moore et al, (1995). Best practice programmes was aimed at and also included education programmes, family planning/ contraceptive services school-based health centers, youth development programmes, and multi-component programmes.
Kirby, (1999), reviewed all the programmes of adolescent pregnancy prevention and concluded that few programmes have been well evaluated, none have been significantly successful in reducing adolescent pregnancy. However, although there are studies that indicate that some programmes can have some success at reducing one or more sexual behaviours for at least a brief period of time, few studies have measured long-term effects.
Hutchins, (1999), conducted a research on teenage pregnancy prevention. He was joined by Gong et al, (1999). They reviewed all the aspect of "Best practice" and identified 10 best practice for practitioners in teenage pregnancy prevention:
Youth Development
Involvement of Family and Other Caring Adults
Male Involvement
Cultural Relevance
Community-Wide Campaigns
Service Learning Programs
Programs to Improve Employment Opportunities
Sexuality Education and AIDS Education Programs
Outreach in Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs
Access to Reproductive Health Services
Of these best practices, we identified three to emphasize in partnering with local agencies to strengthen their practices and produce better outcomes for teens: youth development, family involvement, and cultural relevance. We chose these three because of Cooperative Extension's historic experience and expertise in these areas. Many of the community agencies have youth development and family components. However, schools with pregnant and parenting programs usually have difficulty incorporating family involvement. Practitioners expressed a need for more culturally relevant practices.
Youth Development; Youth development programs focus on supporting and encouraging young people, on providing young people with skills that will help them succeed as adults, and on helping them form meaningful relationships with adults and older peers. Young people need opportunities to acquire a broad range of skills and to build connections within their community. There is a strong relationship between educational and career plans and protection from adolescent pregnancy. Improving girls' education and life options are correlated with reduced pregnancy and birth rates, Kirby, (1997). Recently, there has been a rapid growth of interest in youth development in teen pregnancy prevention efforts. National organizations have recognized youth development as a promising approach to reducing adolescent pregnancy, National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, (1998). Critical elements of a youth development program include the following characteristics: Being responsive to the needs and interests of youth and their community; staff are knowledgeable about adolescent development and are trained to work with youth; young people are regarded as resources in planning and program development; and the program collaborates with community organizations, government agencies, schools and families, Carnegie, (1996). Service learning is one aspect of a youth development program that has a positive impact in reducing teen pregnancy. Service learning results when community service, the experiential learning process, and disciplined reflection are combined. Evaluations of a service learning program, from data collected across the nation, have provided some of the most consistent and strongest evidence that youth development has reduced teen pregnancy (Allen et al., 1997; Philliber and Allen, 1992). In addition to reduced pregnancy rates, service learning was effective in reducing problem behaviors, school suspensions, and school dropouts.
Cooperative Extension has a comparative advantage in youth development and has played a key role in developing programs such as academic enrichment, sports, job training, mentoring, community service, service learning, and leadership development. The role of Cooperative Extension is to continue promoting youth development programs and to document the positive impact these programs have on adolescents, specifically pregnant and parenting teenagers.
Involvement of Family and Other Caring Adults; While some of the programs surveyed involved families and other caring adults, most did not. Family dynamics are embedded in culture. Programs need a broad perspective, including strategies that develop family strengths and enhance parenting skills, and provide information about reproduction and contraceptive services. Families play a critical role in affecting the risk of adolescent pregnancy. Family involvement should complement any program's best practices recommendations, Moore et al, (1995). The following factors have been noted to reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy: parents with higher education and income; parental supervision; parents who hold strong opinions about the value of abstinence (or protected intercourse); teens who have supportive family relationships (connectedness), Miller, (1998); and teens who participate in a large number of shared activities with parents, Resnick et al, (1997). The following factors can increase the risk for adolescent pregnancy: little supervision for teens; strict/overly controlling parents; low socioeconomic status; a single parent; older, sexually active siblings or pregnant/parenting teenage sisters, lack of religious affiliation, and the experience of violence or abuse (Miller, 1998).
Family members, particularly parents if appropriate, need to be incorporated into teen pregnancy prevention programs in order to enhance the life opportunities of pregnant and parenting teenagers and their infants. The complexities of multigenerational families need to be addressed. Although family involvement is labor-intensive, involving families and developing stronger family connectedness are recommended best practices in adolescent pregnancy prevention efforts. An appropriate role for Cooperative Extension is to promote family involvement to practitioners working with pregnant and parenting teens, and to document the involvement efforts through formative and summative evaluation.
Cultural Relevance; Choosing culturally appropriate and locally relevant interventions will increase the effectiveness of efforts to reduce teen pregnancy. Understanding and sensitivity to the cultural and individual needs of the population are important in the design and implementation of any program aimed at reducing teenage pregnancy, Perez and Duany, (1992).
University of Richmond, (2003), conducted a research on teenage pregnancy prevention. A random sampling method was used. 1000 youths aged 10 to 18 years were used and questionnaires were used to collect the data. Findings showed that teenagers are aware of the preventive methods but cannot really practice it. They linked the cause to factors such as: Being poor, living in a single-parent household, child abuse, and risky behaviours such as drug abuse and early or unprotected sex. They suggested three measures; first is an abstinence-only approach, which has not been shown to be effective, Kirby, (2001); second is comprehensive health education or sexually education that includes information on contraception; this may delay sexual initiation and increase contraceptive use, Kirby, (2001). Finally, youth development programmes that include sex education along with other activities (such as volunteering, mentoring and job training). They also put forward that programmmes that seek to effect the teenage pregnancy rate should focus on increasing teenagers’ assets such as knowledge about sex and sexuality and communication skills, which allow them to approach sexuality responsibly. They also put forward a programme: Health/ sexuality education programmes. The programmes should use small group settings for instruction and discussion. Provide basic, accurate information, and don’t talk down to teenagers, Kirby, (1997). Involve parents and work on improving parent-child communication. Talking about sex doesn’t encourage kids to have sex; in fact, teens often rely on their parents to address the issue. Use specific strategies for teenage boys. For example: Train men to teach teenage boys, and choose trainers who will be role models—e.g., athletic team coaches. Avoid locating classes based at clinics or other sources of health care because boys rarely visit doctors.
Don’t reinforce negative views of males, such as men using girls for sex or failing to pay child support. Focus on preventing STDs rather than pregnancy, because STDs are perceived as a more immediate and tangible threat. Redefine ideas of manhood to include responsibility for sexual behavior. Tailored strategies are needed for teenagers in different age groups. Written materials and behavioral strategies should be geared to specific levels of literacy, physical and emotional development. All teens should learn behavioral skills such as decision-making, refusing to have sex, and how to bring up contraception in a relationship.
For children in elementary and middle school, programs should stress unambiguously that they are too young for sexual activity and that abstinence is the norm. For adolescents in high school, peers are the most important influence of whether to have sex; if they perceive that other teens their age are sexually active, they are more likely to be as well. Programs should instead address peer influence through teaching behavioral skills and changing perceptions. Virginity pledges are a popular strategy to utilize peer influence to responsible ends. Programs for teen mothers should differ from those for teens without children. Clinics can be a valuable partner in educating teenagers. Clinics that use one-on-one counseling, provide accurate information about abstinence and contraception, and provide contraception, have been shown to increase contraceptive use without increasing sexual activity. Be sure the clinic can provide or refer to mental health and other health services. Follow up on teenagers who visit clinics for health and contraception services. Continue outreach; a sustained effort is necessary to maintain results, because every year brings a new cohort of adolescents. Develop performance measures based on your goals and previously mapped community resources. For example, are community clinics open longer hours? Are teens delaying when they first have sex, and using contraception when they do?













CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter shows the methodology of the study.
This consists of the following:
Research design
Setting
Population of study
Sample and sampling techniques
Instrument for data collection
Validity/ reliability of instrument
Method of data collection and ethical consideration
Method of data analysis
RESEARCH DESIGN
The study has a descriptive design and was aimed at assessing adolescent knowledge of teenage pregnancy prevention among senior secondary school students of Community Secondary School, Amechi Idodo.
SETTING
The setting is Obinagu Amechi Idodo. Community Secondary School. Amechi Idodo is my home town in Nkanu East L.G.A of Enugu state.
POPULATION OF STUDY
The population is SS1 to SS3 students of the school in Amechi Idodo. They are a total of 100 students.
SAMPLING AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
The sample was 80 and simple random sampling technique was used. 80 is 80% of the population.
INSTRUMENTATION AND VALIDITY.
Questionnaire was the only instrument used for the collection of data and a total of 80 copies were distributed among the students.
The questionnaire contained a total of 5 questions which were grouped into 2 section; section A and section B. the questionnaire was structured with multiple choice responses. It was developed by the researcher, validated by the project supervisor and corrections were made before administration. The sample of the questionnaire is attached as appendix III.
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION/ ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
Distribution of the questionnaire took 2 days and 80 copies were administered and collected thereafter and 100% return rate was recorded. The researcher applied the principle of voluntary participation and confidentiality of the study.
METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
After data collection the researcher ensured that they were complete in number and properly filled. The researcher used tally marks to organize the data and to find out the number of respondents to each option of an item. Frequency tables were used to present the tallies in figures after which the percentages were calculated. The results were presented in tables.











CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the result of data collection based on the responses through questionnaire distribution.
80 copies of questionnaires were printed and distributed; all were returned, and utilized. Hence, the researcher used tables in analyzing the data.
RESEARCH QUESTION ONE
What pregnancy prevention measures do you know? The research question was answered by item 4 in the questionnaire.
Question 4:
Which of the following will prevent pregnancy in young persons aged 12 to 18 years?
Table 1: showing the number of respondents to the number ways pregnancy can be prevented in young persons aged 12 to 18 years.
Responses
Number of respondents
Percentages (%)
Avoiding sex during menstruation
63
78.8
Avoiding sex after menstruation
33
41.3
Using condoms
67
83.8
Wearing native rings at the waist
0
0
Abstinence
75
93.8
Use of calendar method
20
25
Abortion
17
21.3
Tablets
30
37.5
Injections
33
41.3
Billings method
32
40.0
Drinking hot drinks after sex
16
20.0
Washing the vulva after sex
6
7.5
Drinking salt in water after sex
13
16.3
Table 1 above shows that abstinence is the best method known by the teenagers 75 (93.85), use of condoms is another method known by the students 67 (83.8%). While none is attributed to native wearing of rings around the waist. The table also contains other methods known by the students.
RESEARCH QUESTION TWO
What are the sources of your information? Item 5 from the questionnaire answered the above research question.
Question 5:
Which of the following are the sources of your information?
Table 2: showing the different sources of the students’ information on the topic.
Responses
Frequency
Percentages (%)
Posters
15
18.8
Magazines and news papers
67
83.8
Radio and television
69
86.3
Health teaching in churches, schools, workshops, camp meetings
73
91.3
Teachers
62
77.5
Friends
53
66.3
Parents
66
82.5
Table 2 above shows the sources of the students’ knowledge; it mainly indicated health teaching in churches, schools, workshops, and camp meeting with 73 (91.3%), 69 (86.3%) from television and radio, the lowest source of information was posters 15 (18.8%).
The table also contains other sources of their information.
NB: The percentages were calculated using the total number of respondents that is 80.
Formula is: frequency of each response divided by total number of respondents.















CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
This chapter will be discussed under the following sub- headings:
Highlights of findings
Relationships with other studies or literatures
Implication for nursing
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendation/ suggestion for further studies
Limitation
HIGHLIGHTS OF FINDINGS
The data analysis revealed that majority of the respondents believed that abstinence is the best way to prevent teenage pregnancy 75 (93.8%), use of condoms 67 (83.8%), avoiding sex during menstruation 63 (78.8%), from
Table 1.
On the issue of the sources of information the findings show that 73 (91.3%)got their information from health teaching in church, schools, workshops and camp meetings, 69 (86.3%) from Radio and television. The lowest was from posters 15 (18.8%), from Table 2.
RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER STUDIES OR LITERATURES
Considering the findings of this study done by the researcher, majority of the adolescents believe that abstinence is the best prevention from pregnancy. These result is quiet different from other works (Osuala, 2006 and USIAD, 2006) with a reduced percentage of knowledge 55.6% and 45% respectively.
On the issue of the source of information, the findings revealed that their major source of information was from Health education, radio and television, parents. These are in contrast from (USAID, 2006) which stated that health education was lacking.
IMPLICATION FOR NURSING.
Since 75 (93.8%) knew that that the best way to prevent teenage pregnancy is abstinence and got their information from health education with a reduced source from posters. Health education and campaign through the use of posters should be undertaken by nurses. This will help to minimize the incidence of death due to abortion and unwanted pregnancy among adolescents of Amechi Idodo.
SUMMARY
This study was focused on the knowledge of adolescents on teenage pregnancy prevention among students of Community Secondary School Amechi Idodo. Related literatures were reviewed to find out what other people have done in relation to the topic. The target population of the study was senior secondary students of Amechi Idodo.
The findings showed that 75 (93.8%) have the knowledge that abstinence is a method of teenage pregnancy prevention and 73 (91.3%) got their information from health education in several places. Their main reason was that it is 100% safe and has no risk associated with it.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The findings of this study have shown that adolescents of Amechi Idodo have knowledge of the topic and have the right source of information.
Based on the above statement, the researcher recommends the following:
Health education for students to insist on abstinence and to say no to sex before marriage.
Campaign for proper counseling of the students.
Another study to find out their practice level.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
Considering the limitations and recommendations of the study, the researcher suggests that more elaborate studies should be done on the practice level.

LIMITATIONS
The researcher encountered some problems during the course of this study which includes;
Limited finances, as a result only one school was used for the study.
A reduction in the number of students proposed to be used for the study due transferring out some students.











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